نمونه سوال لیسنینگ آزمون های زبان دکتری با جواب – شماره ۲

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Dear participants, welcome to the University of Isfahan English Proficiency Test. We are delighted to have you here for the 95th UIEPT. Today, on the 2nd of May, you’ll be taking part in an evaluation of your English proficiency across various areas.

For more information about the exam, including the test format and archive, we encourage you to visit our official website. Additionally, we invite you to join our IATA channel where you can stay updated with useful tips and important announcements about UIPT. Throughout the test, pay close attention to the instructions and respond carefully. On behalf of UIPT team, we extend our sincere wishes for your success.

Now we may begin section A of listening test. Listen to a series of short conversations and answer questions 1 to 10. Number 1. Do you think we’ll be able to get tickets for the concert? I wish there weren’t so many people in line in front of us. What does the woman mean?

Number two. I’m sorry I didn’t tell you about the parking ticket. I wish you had told me about it. What does the man mean? Number three. Did you see the work schedule for next week? I wish I didn’t have to work so many hours then.

What does the woman imply? Number four. Are you happy with the changes in the requirements for graduation? I wish the department had not made the changes. What does the woman mean?

Number five. Are you going to the theater with us this weekend? I wish I had enough money to go. What does the man imply? Number six. Did you hear how Harry did on the astronomy exam? I bet he wishes he had studied harder.

What does the man mean? Number seven. Do you have a good schedule of classes this semester? I wish I didn’t need to take this algebra course. I’m not very good at math. What does the woman imply?

Number eight. Your apartment is in a really great location. But I wish I’d been able to find something cheaper. What does the man mean? Number nine.

Why are you sitting all the way in the back of the auditorium? I wish I hadn’t arrived so late. Then I could have gotten a better seat. What does the man imply? Number 10. Are you going to the football game this weekend?

I wish I could, but I have to work on my sociology paper. What does the man mean? Section B. Listen to a lecture to answer questions 11 to 15. Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.

Since Earth formed some four and a half billion years ago, the number of minerals here has increased dramatically from a few dozen relatively simple minerals early on to over 4,300 kinds of minerals we can identify today, many of them wonderfully complex. A basic question of geology is how all these new minerals came into being. Well, recent studies have turned to biology to try to explain how this happens.

Now much of biology is studied through the lens of evolution, and the theory of evolution suggests that as environments change, and inevitably they do, some organisms will have characteristics that allow them to adapt to those changes successfully. Characteristics that help these organisms develop and survive and reproduce.

And when environments become more complex, as tends to happen over time, those earlier adaptations become the basis of yet other combinations and variations, and lead to ever more diverse and complex forms of life. So, from fewer, simpler, and relatively similar forms of life billions of years ago, life on Earth has now become a dazzling array of diversity and complexity.

Geologists now want to apply this concept to explain mineral diversity too.

The conditions that minerals are under are not constant. Conditions like temperature or pressure or chemical surroundings, these change often in cycles, increasing and decreasing slowly over time. And as conditions change, minerals sometimes break down and their atoms recombine into totally new compounds as part of a process some call mineral evolution.

Now, minerals are not alive, of course, so this is not evolution in quite the same sense you’d have in living organisms, but there do appear to be some parallels. Living organisms not only adapt to their environment, but also affect it, change the environment within which other organisms may then develop.

Likewise, each new mineral also enriches the chemical environment from which lots of other even more complex new minerals may be formed in the future. Beyond these similarities though, what’s really fascinating about mineral evolution is the way minerals apparently co-evolve with living organisms. What do I mean by that? Well,

It’s maybe a billion years after Earth’s formation that we first see evidence of life. Of course, early life forms were primitive, just tiny single-celled microbes. But over time, they had a profound effect.

Huge numbers of these microbes began producing food by photosynthesis, which, of course, also freed up enormous amounts of oxygen. Lots of that oxygen interacted with the atoms of existing minerals, creating rust out of iron, for instance, reacting with a whole range of different metals to create lots of new minerals.

Now, living organisms rely on minerals, but they not only take in some minerals as nutrients, they also use them as waste products, including what we call biominerals, minerals that form with the help of biological life.

we can see geologic evidence of biomineral production in what are called stromatolites. Stromatolites look like wavy layers of sedimentary rock, but they’re really fossils, fossils of the waste from microbial mats. Microbial mats are vast colonies of one-celled organisms that were once the most prevalent form of life on Earth.

And the study of stromatolites indicates that these ancient microbial mats interacted with minerals in the environment and left behind new compounds as waste products, biominerals like carbonates, phosphates, and silica. In fact, we’ve grown microbial mats in the laboratory, and over time, they too have produced some of the same sorts of minerals found in stromatolites.

You don’t need to know the details of the process right now. We’re still figuring out just how it works ourselves. But you might be interested to know that this concept of mineral evolution is being used in the search for evidence of life on other planets. The thinking is that if certain minerals occur here on Earth as a result of a biological process and if we also find those same minerals on another planet

This would suggest that life may have once existed there.

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